IJRDET - Proceedings

1.

To Identify the Root Cause for Mould Level Fluctuations in Continuous Casting of Slab.

Authors: Rajendra Tathicherla, Anil Kumar S

Abstract -Mould level Fluctuation is one of the common problems in continuous casting of Slab. Some fluctuations in the smaller range are inevitable and are generally allowed if they are within standard tolerance limits . But Some fluctuations are of bigger range and are beyond tolerance limits and are not allowed , which if allowed would have impact on the quality of cast product . These restrictions drive any Metallurgist to trace the root cause for this bigger range of fluctuations. We as Metallurgists in the quest to trace cause had also used an innovative approach to identify the cause for MLF using Fast Fourier transform of drives currents and MLF. Some more probable reasons were analysed in detail and is proposed and presented in this paper.

Keywords- Mould level fluctuation, Clogging, MLF, Stopper mechanism, Level sensor.

References-

[1] By W.R.Irving. The institute of material science, 1993, Carlton house London.

[2] Generation Mechanism of Unsteady Bulging in Continuous Casting-1-Development of Method for Measurement of Unsteady bulging by Hiroyuki

[3] Innovative Control Methods to Overcome Periodical Disturbances on Continuous Caster Mold Level by Dr Michel Dussud SERT Metal

1-4

2.

Control of Maize Fungal Diseases using Essential Oils Extracted from Rosemary and Eucalyptus in Egerton University Main Campus Njoro, Kenya.

Authors: Paul Njenga Waithaka, Eliud Mugu Gathuru, Benson Muriuki Githaiga, Jane Wanjiru Muthoni, Linet Teresa Laban

Abstract-- Maize fungal pathogens pose a big risk to human life today. Some fungal pathogens have been linked with triggering tumorous growth in human cells. The present study was meant to isolate common fungal pathogens of stored maize grains and testing their sensitivity to essential oils extracted from rosemary and eucalyptus. The fungal pathogens were isolated using potato dextrose agar and characterised using cultural, morphological and biochemical assays. Sensitivity to essential oils was carried out using perpendicular method. The most common fungal pathogens were Aspergillus spp. (42%), Penicillium spp. (25%), Fusarium spp. (20%), and Helminthosporium spp. (13%). There was a relationship between heating time and yield of essential oils in rosemary (r=0.99) and eucalyptus (r=0.99). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the amount of essential oils produced by rosemary and eucalyptus (P=0.08). In addition, there was a significant difference in growth inhibition of the fungal pathogens by essential oils from rosemary and eucalyptus (P=0.000407). The most prevalent fungal pathogens in maize seeds are Penicillium spp., Helminthosporiun spp, Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. Rosemary and eucalyptus spp. produce essentials oils that are capable of controlling maize fungal pathogens. There is need to properly store maize to avoid fungal contamination which can lead to fatal human illnesses. In addition, the extraction of essential oils in large scale is highly recommended.

Keyword- Egerton, Essential oils, Eucalyptus, Maize fungal diseases, Rosemary, Njoro.

References-

[1] Abdel, G. (2012). Fungal leaf spot of maize: pathogen isolation, identification and host biochemical characterization. Mycopath; 10(2): 41-49

[2] Abdullah, Q., Mahmoud, A., Al-harethi, A., 2016. Isolation and Identification of Fungal Post-harvest Rot of Some Fruits in Yemen. PSM Microbiol., 01(1): 36-44.

[3] Amata, R. L., Otipa, M. J., Waiganjo, M., Wabule, M., Thuranira, E. G., Erbaugh, M. and Miller, S. (2014). Incidence, prevalence and severity of passion fruit fungal diseases in major production regions of Kenya. Journal of Applied Biosciences; 20: 1146 – 1152.

[4] Binyam, T. and Girma A. (2016). Detection and identification of major storage fungal pathogens of maize (Zea mays) in Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research; 4, (2): 38-49.

[5] Camila, A., Carla, B., Fausto, Fernandes, C., Sandra, R., Souza, F., Cleiltan, N., Dauri, J. and Ione, P., (2015). Fungi Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains and Production of Associated Enzyme Activities. International journal of molecular sciences; 16:15328- 15346.

[6] Castlellarie, C., Marcos, F. V., Mutti, J., Cardoso, L.and Bartosik, R. (2010). Toxigenic fungi in Corn (Maize) stored in hermetic plastic bags. National institute of agricultural Technologies Mardel Plata University Argentina. Biodiversity journal; 23:115-297.

[7] Charity, A., Amienyo, J., Dauda, T. (2010). Effect of relative humidity on spore germination and growth of Aspergillus flavus. Nigerian journal of botany; 23: 1-6.

[8] Christensen, S. A., Nemchenko, A., Park, Y. S., Borrego, E., Huang, P. C., Schmelz, E. A., Kunze, S., Feussner, I., Yalpani, N. and Meeley, R. (2014). The novel monocot-specific 9-lipoxygenase ZmLOX12 is required to mount an effective jasmonate-mediated defense against Fusarium verticillioides in maize. Molecular plant microbe interaction; 27: 1263–1276.

[9] Griffin T. (2013). Activity Of Three Medicinal Plants On Fungi Isolated From Stored Maize Seeds (Zea Mays L.). Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research; 1(1): 77-81.

[10] Henry, E., Fung, N., Liu, J., Drakakaki, G. and Coaker, G. (2015). Beyond glycolysis: GAPDHs are multi-functional enzymes involved in regulation of ROS, autophagy, and plant immune responses. PLoS Genetetics; 11: e1005199.

[11] Kabiru, M., Mahmood, A., Bashir, I., Shitu, M. U., Sadiq, I. A. and Musa, A. K. (2016). Effect of Different Extraction Method on Yield and Composition of Essential Oil from Lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus) and Eucalyptus citriodora Leave. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research; 2(6) 2: 2231-2560.

[12] Kaskoniene, V., Kaskonas, P., Maruska, A. and Ragazinskiene, O. (2013). Essential oils of Bidens tripartite L. collected during period of 3 years composition variation analysis. Acta Physiol. Plant;35: 1171–1178.

[13] Lanubile, A., Maschietto, V., de Leonardis, S., Battilani, P., Paciolla, C. and Marocco, A. (2015). Defense responses to mycotoxinproducing fungi Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and Aspergillus flavus in kernels of susceptible and resistant maize genotypes. Molecular plant microbe interaction; 28: 546–557.

[14] Li, K., Xu, C. and Zhang, J. (2011). Proteome profile of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissue at the flowering stage after long-term adjustment to rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection. Gene; 485: 106–113.

[15] Navya, H. M., Naveen, J., Hariprasad, P. and Niranjana, S. R. (2014). Morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization of Aspergillus flavus isolates from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). International journal of recent scientific research; 5 (10):1777-1783.

[16] Mohammadi, M. Anoop, V. Gleddie, S. Harris, L. J. (2011). Proteomic profiling of two maize inbreds during early gibberella ear rot infection. Proteomics; 11: 3675–3684.

[17] Olga P. and Tibor, P. (2015). Maize-Pathogen Interactions: An Ongoing Combat from a Proteomics Perspective. International journal of molecular sciences; 16: 28429–28448.

[18] Onyeze, R., Udeh, M., Akachi, B. and Ugwu, O. (2013). Isolation and characterization

[19] of fungi associated with the spoilage of corn (Zea mays). International journal of pharma medicine and biological sciences. 2(3): 243-256.

[20] Ortiz, R., Taba, S., Chavez, V. H., Tovar, M. and Mezzalama, Y., (2010). Conserving and Enhancing Maize Genetic Resources as Global Public Goods– A Perspective from CIMMYT. Crop science; 50: 13-28.

[21] Peethambaran, B. Hawkins, L. Windham, G. L., Williams, W. P. and Luthe, D.S. (2010). Anti-fungal activity of maize silk proteins and role of chitinase in Aspergillus flavus resistance. Toxin Reviews journal; 29: 27–39.

[22] Prusky, D., Yakoby, N. and George, T. (2010). Pathogenic fungi: leading or led by ambient pH. Molecular Plant Pathology; 4:509– 516.

[23] Rojas, C. M., Senthil-Kumar, M., Tzin, V., Mysore, K. S. (2014). Regulation of primary plant metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions and its contribution to plant defense. Frontiers of Plant Sciences; 5: 17.

[24] Seid, Y., Manoharan, J. and Omprakash, S. (2014). Extraction of Essential oil from Eucalyptus Leaves as Antibacterial Application on Cotton Woven Fabric. International Journal of bacteriology, Virology and Immunology; 1(1): 001-007.

[25] Solomon, C. U., Arukwe, U., I. and Onuoha, I. 2013. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts of stem bark and roots of Dennetia tripetala G. Baker. Asian journal of plant science research; 3(3): 10-13.

[26] Suleiman, M. N. and Omafe, O. M. (2013). Activity of three medicinal plants on fungi isolated from stored maize seeds (Zea mays (L). Global journal of medicinal plant research 1: 77-81.

[27] Vignesh, K. B., Ramasubbu, R. and Sasikala, N. (2016). Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. Travancoricus burkill ex k. Narayana. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research; 5 (10): 499-517.

[28] Wu, L., Wang, S., Chen, X., Wang, X., Wu, L., Zu, X. and Chen, Y. (2013). Proteomic and phytohormone analysis of the response of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to sugarcane mosaic virus. PLoS ONE; 8:70295.

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3.

Precision Apiculture in Mexico, Current Status and Perspectives.

Author: Jaime Cuauhtemoc Negrete

Abstract—Beekeeping in Mexico has great socioeconomic and ecological importance, since it is considered as one of the main cattle-raising activities generating foreign exchange, generally this activity is only associated with production of honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, but bees are fundamental for a balance of the environment since the bees when obtaining the food of the flowers foment in the plants the capacity to fertilize itself. During 2015 honey exports reached 45 thousand tons with a value of 150 million dollars, volume that represented the most important sale of the last 25 years . Precision beekeeping or Precision Apiculture consists of implementing technologies that allow us to monitor and control the different variables that are involved in this activity. Within these variables we have moisture, temperature, weight, amount of food and all data that may be considered relevant to collect information. Although one of the major limitations to the access of this type of technology is usually its high cost and low knowledge of the beekeeper in the use of these instruments, this type of innovations could contribute to the achievement of higher yields . Therefore, the training and integration of other disciplines in the development of these new technologies is important. To advance towards a much more technological and professionalized beekeeping, an objective that can be achieved through working together among the agents involved. This is the objective of the present study to know the state of precision apiculture in the country and propose alternatives for its implementation, so that the country continues to advance in this segment and is increasingly positioned worldwide. Keywords—Apiculture, México, Precision Beekeeping, Mechatronics.

Reference-

[1] Bencsik, M.; Le Conte, Y.; Reyes, M.; Pioz, M.; Whittaker, D.; Crauser, D.; Simon D., N.; Newton, M. I. 2015. ―Honeybee Colony Vibrational Measurements to Highlight the Brood Cycle‖. PLoS ONE 10 (11): e0141926. doi:10.1371/journal.

[2] Caluva E.2014. APICULTURA DE PRECISIÓN Monitoreo de Temperatura y Humedad . http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/script-tmp-inta_- _apicultura_de_precision_ _hase_2014_caluva_ema.pdf

[3] Contreras E. F.; Pérez A.B.; Echazarreta, C. M.; Cavazos A.J.; Macías M., J. O.; Tapia G.J. M. 2013 Características y situación actual de la apicultura en las regiones Sur y Sureste de Jalisco, México Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, vol. 4, núm. 3, pp. 387-398 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Morelos, México

[4] Gonzalez C. O. 2010.Mejoramiento de la Produccion de Miel Mediante Procesamiento Digital de Señales .Tesis Instituto Politécnico Nacional.México.

[5] Kviesis A., Zacepins A. 2015.a. System Architectures for Realtime Bee Colony Temperature Monitoring. Procedia Computer Science 43 ( 2015 ) 86 – 94

[6] Kviesis A., Zacepins A., Stalidzans E. 2015b. Future Development Perspectives of the Precision Apiculture (Precision Beekeeping). 25th Congress Nordic View to Sustainable Rural Development. June 16-18, 2015

[7] Moltoni.A.F.2014.1ª Jornada Nacional de AGROELECTRONICA Monitoreo de Produccion de Colmenas. http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/script-tmp-intatelemetria_de_colmenas_-_hase_2014_moltoni_andre.pdf http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/Delegaciones/distritofederal/boletin es/Paginas/JAC0040-21.aspx

[8] Meikle ,W. G.; Rector, B. G.; Mercadier, Guy; Holst, N. 2008. ―Within-day variation in continuous hive weight data as a measure of honey bee colony activity‖. Apidologie 39 (6): 694– 707. doi:10.1051/apido:2008055. ISSN 0044-8435.

[9] Meikle 2014 , W. G.; Holst, N. ―Application of continuous monitoring of honeybee colonies‖. Apidologie 46 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1007/s13592-014-0298-x. ISSN 0044-8435.

[10] Meikle W. G., Holst N. 2015. Application of continuous monitoring of honey bee colonies. Apidologie 46:10–22. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0298-x

[11] Pineda C .2016.México es el sexto productor de miel de abeja y el tercer exportador mundial http://agromarketing.mx/agricultura/cultivos/me

[12] Sagarpa 2016. Alcanza México Récord de Exportación de Miel en 2015: Ventas de 45 MIL Toneladas con valor de 150 MDD

[13] Valdés P. 2014.Apicultura de Precisión Agrimundo .Inteligencia competitiva para el sector Agroalimentario.Reporte No.2 http://www.agrimundo.cl/wpcontent/uploads/140604_reporte_apicultura_n2.pdf

[14] Zacepins A.,Karasha T.2013.Aplication of Temperature measurements for Bee colony monitoring :a review.Enginering for Rural Development .Jelgava.

[15] Zacepins, A.; Brusbardis, V.; Meitalovs, J.; Stalidzans, E. 2014. ―Challenges in the development of Precision Beekeeping‖. Biosystems Engineering 130: 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.12.001.

[16] Zacepins A, Brusbardis V.2015. Precision Beekeeping (Precision Apiculture): Research Needs and Status in Latvia. Agriculture & Forestry, Vol. 61 Issue 1: 135-141, 2015, Podgorica. DOI: 10.17707/AgricultForest.61.1.17

12-17

4.

Design and Development of Biogas Production System From Waste Coffee Pulp and its Waste Water Around Tepi

Author: Mulugeta Tadesse, Mebratu Adamu

Abstract -Many coffee producing enterprises dispose coffee by-product like coffee pulp and its waste water after washing to the environment and which cases environmental pollution by bad smell and visual pollution. These by-products of coffee production mainly coffee pulp and waste water impure discharge to the nearby surface water and also underground water and damages it. This project research primarily conducted to come-up with detail design of bio gas digester to get clean useful bio gas from coffee wastes like coffee pulp, and its waste water based on the data of the overall environmental conditions of Tepi. Therefore, the problems indicated in the above would be corrected by utilizing of unnecessary wastes during coffee preparing for its quality and useful methane and organic fertilizer after digestion will be got. A bio gas digester is designed for waste coffee pulp in both wet and dry case and its waste water. The system design conducted by using 300 liter plastic water tank and internal tire of Bajaj conduit used to collect the output bio gas from the digester tank. Therefore, for the total volume the digester, the amount of daily fresh discharge estimated after its retention time (32 days) is 5 kg, and required proportional mount of water is 2.5 liter for wet and 53.61 liter of water for dry case. Accordingly the estimation, bio gas production rate is plotted. However, the production rate of bio gas production differs as environmental temperature change the daily production amount of methane rich gas maximum 24.35 liter in wet case and 8.70 liter in dry case. Therefore, for the design and construction of bio gas digester in any size can easily estimate as the requirement of bio gas energy. Producing bio gas from waste coffee pulp and its waste water through anaerobic digestion system solves the environmental polluting problems of coffee preparing enterprises around Tepi town. Keywords-- Bio gas, Bio gas digester, Coffee producing enterprises, Coffee pulp

References-

[1] Rajkumar Rathinavelu and Giorgio Graziosi ICS-UNIDO, 2005. “Potential alternative use of coffee wastes and byproducts” Science Park, Padriciano, Trieste, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Trieste, Italy

[2] Adams, M.R. and J. Dougan. 1987. “Green Coffee Processing”. In: Clarke, R.J. and R. Macrae, ed., Coffee. Volume 2: Technology. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 257 - 291

[3] Mburu, J.K., Thuo, J.T., R.C. Marder. 1994. “The characterization of coffee waste water from coffee processing factories in Kenya”. In: Kenya Coffee. Vol. 59, No. 690. 1757-1761

[4] Stoyanov, M., B. Baykov, A. Danev 1996. “Development of Technological regimes for Producing Biogas from Buffalo Dung”, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 121 – 123;

[5] Peter Jacob Jørgensen, PlanEnergi 2009. “Biogas– green energy, Process, Design, energy supply, and environment” – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University 2 nd edition

[6] Bressani R. 1991. “Coffee pulp In: Tropical feeds version” Bo Göhl ed., FAO, Rome.

[7] Rathinavelu R., Graziosi G. 2005. “Potential alternative use of coffee wastes and by-products”. International Coffee Organization, 1967/ 05, 1-2.

[8] Reto Steiner, “Biogas production of coffee pulp & waste waters” EBP, 20.6.2011

[9] Abubakar, I. and Ismail, N., 2012. “Anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production”. ARPN J.Eng Appl.Sci.7(2), 169-171.

[10] Eze, J. I. and Agbo K. E., 2010. “Studies on the microbial spectrum in anaerobic bio methanization of cow dung in 10m3 fixed dom digester”. Int. J. Physical Sci. 5, 1331-1337.

[11] APHA (1999), “Standard method for the Examination of Water and Waste Water”. Parts 1000 andn4000, pp 216, 240.

[12] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Support for Development of National Biogas Program (Fao/Tcp/Nep/4451-T) “Biogas Technology: A Training Manual for Extension” Nepal September 1996.

[13] Bio gas digester analysis PDF found at: www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/.../BRC%20ny%20Design%20Bi ogas%20Plant.pdf

[14] “Biogas hand book”; Teodorita Al Seadi and Dominik Rutzet al oct 2008 University of Southern Denmark

[15] Moore G, Dolling P, Porter B and Leonard L (1998), “Soil Acidity, In Soil guide A handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils”. Agriculture Western Australia Bu

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S.No.	Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2017	Page No.
1.	To Identify the Root Cause for Mould Level Fluctuations in Continuous Casting of Slab. Authors: Rajendra Tathicherla, Anil Kumar S Abstract -Mould level Fluctuation is one of the common problems in continuous casting of Slab. Some fluctuations in the smaller range are inevitable and are generally allowed if they are within standard tolerance limits . But Some fluctuations are of bigger range and are beyond tolerance limits and are not allowed , which if allowed would have impact on the quality of cast product . These restrictions drive any Metallurgist to trace the root cause for this bigger range of fluctuations. We as Metallurgists in the quest to trace cause had also used an innovative approach to identify the cause for MLF using Fast Fourier transform of drives currents and MLF. Some more probable reasons were analysed in detail and is proposed and presented in this paper. Keywords- Mould level fluctuation, Clogging, MLF, Stopper mechanism, Level sensor. References- [1] By W.R.Irving. The institute of material science, 1993, Carlton house London. [2] Generation Mechanism of Unsteady Bulging in Continuous Casting-1-Development of Method for Measurement of Unsteady bulging by Hiroyuki [3] Innovative Control Methods to Overcome Periodical Disturbances on Continuous Caster Mold Level by Dr Michel Dussud SERT Metal	1-4
2.	Control of Maize Fungal Diseases using Essential Oils Extracted from Rosemary and Eucalyptus in Egerton University Main Campus Njoro, Kenya. Authors: Paul Njenga Waithaka, Eliud Mugu Gathuru, Benson Muriuki Githaiga, Jane Wanjiru Muthoni, Linet Teresa Laban Abstract-- Maize fungal pathogens pose a big risk to human life today. Some fungal pathogens have been linked with triggering tumorous growth in human cells. The present study was meant to isolate common fungal pathogens of stored maize grains and testing their sensitivity to essential oils extracted from rosemary and eucalyptus. The fungal pathogens were isolated using potato dextrose agar and characterised using cultural, morphological and biochemical assays. Sensitivity to essential oils was carried out using perpendicular method. The most common fungal pathogens were Aspergillus spp. (42%), Penicillium spp. (25%), Fusarium spp. (20%), and Helminthosporium spp. (13%). There was a relationship between heating time and yield of essential oils in rosemary (r=0.99) and eucalyptus (r=0.99). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the amount of essential oils produced by rosemary and eucalyptus (P=0.08). In addition, there was a significant difference in growth inhibition of the fungal pathogens by essential oils from rosemary and eucalyptus (P=0.000407). The most prevalent fungal pathogens in maize seeds are Penicillium spp., Helminthosporiun spp, Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. Rosemary and eucalyptus spp. produce essentials oils that are capable of controlling maize fungal pathogens. There is need to properly store maize to avoid fungal contamination which can lead to fatal human illnesses. In addition, the extraction of essential oils in large scale is highly recommended. Keyword- Egerton, Essential oils, Eucalyptus, Maize fungal diseases, Rosemary, Njoro. References- [1] Abdel, G. (2012). Fungal leaf spot of maize: pathogen isolation, identification and host biochemical characterization. Mycopath; 10(2): 41-49 [2] Abdullah, Q., Mahmoud, A., Al-harethi, A., 2016. Isolation and Identification of Fungal Post-harvest Rot of Some Fruits in Yemen. PSM Microbiol., 01(1): 36-44. [3] Amata, R. L., Otipa, M. J., Waiganjo, M., Wabule, M., Thuranira, E. G., Erbaugh, M. and Miller, S. (2014). Incidence, prevalence and severity of passion fruit fungal diseases in major production regions of Kenya. Journal of Applied Biosciences; 20: 1146 – 1152. [4] Binyam, T. and Girma A. (2016). Detection and identification of major storage fungal pathogens of maize (Zea mays) in Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research; 4, (2): 38-49. [5] Camila, A., Carla, B., Fausto, Fernandes, C., Sandra, R., Souza, F., Cleiltan, N., Dauri, J. and Ione, P., (2015). Fungi Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains and Production of Associated Enzyme Activities. International journal of molecular sciences; 16:15328- 15346. [6] Castlellarie, C., Marcos, F. V., Mutti, J., Cardoso, L.and Bartosik, R. (2010). Toxigenic fungi in Corn (Maize) stored in hermetic plastic bags. National institute of agricultural Technologies Mardel Plata University Argentina. Biodiversity journal; 23:115-297. [7] Charity, A., Amienyo, J., Dauda, T. (2010). Effect of relative humidity on spore germination and growth of Aspergillus flavus. Nigerian journal of botany; 23: 1-6. [8] Christensen, S. A., Nemchenko, A., Park, Y. S., Borrego, E., Huang, P. C., Schmelz, E. A., Kunze, S., Feussner, I., Yalpani, N. and Meeley, R. (2014). The novel monocot-specific 9-lipoxygenase ZmLOX12 is required to mount an effective jasmonate-mediated defense against Fusarium verticillioides in maize. Molecular plant microbe interaction; 27: 1263–1276. [9] Griffin T. (2013). Activity Of Three Medicinal Plants On Fungi Isolated From Stored Maize Seeds (Zea Mays L.). Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research; 1(1): 77-81. [10] Henry, E., Fung, N., Liu, J., Drakakaki, G. and Coaker, G. (2015). Beyond glycolysis: GAPDHs are multi-functional enzymes involved in regulation of ROS, autophagy, and plant immune responses. PLoS Genetetics; 11: e1005199. [11] Kabiru, M., Mahmood, A., Bashir, I., Shitu, M. U., Sadiq, I. A. and Musa, A. K. (2016). Effect of Different Extraction Method on Yield and Composition of Essential Oil from Lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus) and Eucalyptus citriodora Leave. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research; 2(6) 2: 2231-2560. [12] Kaskoniene, V., Kaskonas, P., Maruska, A. and Ragazinskiene, O. (2013). Essential oils of Bidens tripartite L. collected during period of 3 years composition variation analysis. Acta Physiol. Plant;35: 1171–1178. [13] Lanubile, A., Maschietto, V., de Leonardis, S., Battilani, P., Paciolla, C. and Marocco, A. (2015). Defense responses to mycotoxinproducing fungi Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and Aspergillus flavus in kernels of susceptible and resistant maize genotypes. Molecular plant microbe interaction; 28: 546–557. [14] Li, K., Xu, C. and Zhang, J. (2011). Proteome profile of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissue at the flowering stage after long-term adjustment to rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection. Gene; 485: 106–113. [15] Navya, H. M., Naveen, J., Hariprasad, P. and Niranjana, S. R. (2014). Morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization of Aspergillus flavus isolates from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). International journal of recent scientific research; 5 (10):1777-1783. [16] Mohammadi, M. Anoop, V. Gleddie, S. Harris, L. J. (2011). Proteomic profiling of two maize inbreds during early gibberella ear rot infection. Proteomics; 11: 3675–3684. [17] Olga P. and Tibor, P. (2015). Maize-Pathogen Interactions: An Ongoing Combat from a Proteomics Perspective. International journal of molecular sciences; 16: 28429–28448. [18] Onyeze, R., Udeh, M., Akachi, B. and Ugwu, O. (2013). Isolation and characterization [19] of fungi associated with the spoilage of corn (Zea mays). International journal of pharma medicine and biological sciences. 2(3): 243-256. [20] Ortiz, R., Taba, S., Chavez, V. H., Tovar, M. and Mezzalama, Y., (2010). Conserving and Enhancing Maize Genetic Resources as Global Public Goods– A Perspective from CIMMYT. Crop science; 50: 13-28. [21] Peethambaran, B. Hawkins, L. Windham, G. L., Williams, W. P. and Luthe, D.S. (2010). Anti-fungal activity of maize silk proteins and role of chitinase in Aspergillus flavus resistance. Toxin Reviews journal; 29: 27–39. [22] Prusky, D., Yakoby, N. and George, T. (2010). Pathogenic fungi: leading or led by ambient pH. Molecular Plant Pathology; 4:509– 516. [23] Rojas, C. M., Senthil-Kumar, M., Tzin, V., Mysore, K. S. (2014). Regulation of primary plant metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions and its contribution to plant defense. Frontiers of Plant Sciences; 5: 17. [24] Seid, Y., Manoharan, J. and Omprakash, S. (2014). Extraction of Essential oil from Eucalyptus Leaves as Antibacterial Application on Cotton Woven Fabric. International Journal of bacteriology, Virology and Immunology; 1(1): 001-007. [25] Solomon, C. U., Arukwe, U., I. and Onuoha, I. 2013. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts of stem bark and roots of Dennetia tripetala G. Baker. Asian journal of plant science research; 3(3): 10-13. [26] Suleiman, M. N. and Omafe, O. M. (2013). Activity of three medicinal plants on fungi isolated from stored maize seeds (Zea mays (L). Global journal of medicinal plant research 1: 77-81. [27] Vignesh, K. B., Ramasubbu, R. and Sasikala, N. (2016). Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. Travancoricus burkill ex k. Narayana. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research; 5 (10): 499-517. [28] Wu, L., Wang, S., Chen, X., Wang, X., Wu, L., Zu, X. and Chen, Y. (2013). Proteomic and phytohormone analysis of the response of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to sugarcane mosaic virus. PLoS ONE; 8:70295.	5-11
3.	Precision Apiculture in Mexico, Current Status and Perspectives. Author: Jaime Cuauhtemoc Negrete Abstract—Beekeeping in Mexico has great socioeconomic and ecological importance, since it is considered as one of the main cattle-raising activities generating foreign exchange, generally this activity is only associated with production of honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, but bees are fundamental for a balance of the environment since the bees when obtaining the food of the flowers foment in the plants the capacity to fertilize itself. During 2015 honey exports reached 45 thousand tons with a value of 150 million dollars, volume that represented the most important sale of the last 25 years . Precision beekeeping or Precision Apiculture consists of implementing technologies that allow us to monitor and control the different variables that are involved in this activity. Within these variables we have moisture, temperature, weight, amount of food and all data that may be considered relevant to collect information. Although one of the major limitations to the access of this type of technology is usually its high cost and low knowledge of the beekeeper in the use of these instruments, this type of innovations could contribute to the achievement of higher yields . Therefore, the training and integration of other disciplines in the development of these new technologies is important. To advance towards a much more technological and professionalized beekeeping, an objective that can be achieved through working together among the agents involved. This is the objective of the present study to know the state of precision apiculture in the country and propose alternatives for its implementation, so that the country continues to advance in this segment and is increasingly positioned worldwide. Keywords—Apiculture, México, Precision Beekeeping, Mechatronics. Reference- [1] Bencsik, M.; Le Conte, Y.; Reyes, M.; Pioz, M.; Whittaker, D.; Crauser, D.; Simon D., N.; Newton, M. I. 2015. ―Honeybee Colony Vibrational Measurements to Highlight the Brood Cycle‖. PLoS ONE 10 (11): e0141926. doi:10.1371/journal. [2] Caluva E.2014. APICULTURA DE PRECISIÓN Monitoreo de Temperatura y Humedad . http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/script-tmp-inta_- _apicultura_de_precision_ _hase_2014_caluva_ema.pdf [3] Contreras E. F.; Pérez A.B.; Echazarreta, C. M.; Cavazos A.J.; Macías M., J. O.; Tapia G.J. M. 2013 Características y situación actual de la apicultura en las regiones Sur y Sureste de Jalisco, México Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, vol. 4, núm. 3, pp. 387-398 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Morelos, México [4] Gonzalez C. O. 2010.Mejoramiento de la Produccion de Miel Mediante Procesamiento Digital de Señales .Tesis Instituto Politécnico Nacional.México. [5] Kviesis A., Zacepins A. 2015.a. System Architectures for Realtime Bee Colony Temperature Monitoring. Procedia Computer Science 43 ( 2015 ) 86 – 94 [6] Kviesis A., Zacepins A., Stalidzans E. 2015b. Future Development Perspectives of the Precision Apiculture (Precision Beekeeping). 25th Congress Nordic View to Sustainable Rural Development. June 16-18, 2015 [7] Moltoni.A.F.2014.1ª Jornada Nacional de AGROELECTRONICA Monitoreo de Produccion de Colmenas. http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/script-tmp-intatelemetria_de_colmenas_-_hase_2014_moltoni_andre.pdf http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/Delegaciones/distritofederal/boletin es/Paginas/JAC0040-21.aspx [8] Meikle ,W. G.; Rector, B. G.; Mercadier, Guy; Holst, N. 2008. ―Within-day variation in continuous hive weight data as a measure of honey bee colony activity‖. Apidologie 39 (6): 694– 707. doi:10.1051/apido:2008055. ISSN 0044-8435. [9] Meikle 2014 , W. G.; Holst, N. ―Application of continuous monitoring of honeybee colonies‖. Apidologie 46 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1007/s13592-014-0298-x. ISSN 0044-8435. [10] Meikle W. G., Holst N. 2015. Application of continuous monitoring of honey bee colonies. Apidologie 46:10–22. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0298-x [11] Pineda C .2016.México es el sexto productor de miel de abeja y el tercer exportador mundial http://agromarketing.mx/agricultura/cultivos/me [12] Sagarpa 2016. Alcanza México Récord de Exportación de Miel en 2015: Ventas de 45 MIL Toneladas con valor de 150 MDD [13] Valdés P. 2014.Apicultura de Precisión Agrimundo .Inteligencia competitiva para el sector Agroalimentario.Reporte No.2 http://www.agrimundo.cl/wpcontent/uploads/140604_reporte_apicultura_n2.pdf [14] Zacepins A.,Karasha T.2013.Aplication of Temperature measurements for Bee colony monitoring :a review.Enginering for Rural Development .Jelgava. [15] Zacepins, A.; Brusbardis, V.; Meitalovs, J.; Stalidzans, E. 2014. ―Challenges in the development of Precision Beekeeping‖. Biosystems Engineering 130: 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.12.001. [16] Zacepins A, Brusbardis V.2015. Precision Beekeeping (Precision Apiculture): Research Needs and Status in Latvia. Agriculture & Forestry, Vol. 61 Issue 1: 135-141, 2015, Podgorica. DOI: 10.17707/AgricultForest.61.1.17	12-17
4.	Design and Development of Biogas Production System From Waste Coffee Pulp and its Waste Water Around Tepi Author: Mulugeta Tadesse, Mebratu Adamu Abstract -Many coffee producing enterprises dispose coffee by-product like coffee pulp and its waste water after washing to the environment and which cases environmental pollution by bad smell and visual pollution. These by-products of coffee production mainly coffee pulp and waste water impure discharge to the nearby surface water and also underground water and damages it. This project research primarily conducted to come-up with detail design of bio gas digester to get clean useful bio gas from coffee wastes like coffee pulp, and its waste water based on the data of the overall environmental conditions of Tepi. Therefore, the problems indicated in the above would be corrected by utilizing of unnecessary wastes during coffee preparing for its quality and useful methane and organic fertilizer after digestion will be got. A bio gas digester is designed for waste coffee pulp in both wet and dry case and its waste water. The system design conducted by using 300 liter plastic water tank and internal tire of Bajaj conduit used to collect the output bio gas from the digester tank. Therefore, for the total volume the digester, the amount of daily fresh discharge estimated after its retention time (32 days) is 5 kg, and required proportional mount of water is 2.5 liter for wet and 53.61 liter of water for dry case. Accordingly the estimation, bio gas production rate is plotted. However, the production rate of bio gas production differs as environmental temperature change the daily production amount of methane rich gas maximum 24.35 liter in wet case and 8.70 liter in dry case. Therefore, for the design and construction of bio gas digester in any size can easily estimate as the requirement of bio gas energy. Producing bio gas from waste coffee pulp and its waste water through anaerobic digestion system solves the environmental polluting problems of coffee preparing enterprises around Tepi town. Keywords-- Bio gas, Bio gas digester, Coffee producing enterprises, Coffee pulp References- [1] Rajkumar Rathinavelu and Giorgio Graziosi ICS-UNIDO, 2005. “Potential alternative use of coffee wastes and byproducts” Science Park, Padriciano, Trieste, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Trieste, Italy [2] Adams, M.R. and J. Dougan. 1987. “Green Coffee Processing”. In: Clarke, R.J. and R. Macrae, ed., Coffee. Volume 2: Technology. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 257 - 291 [3] Mburu, J.K., Thuo, J.T., R.C. Marder. 1994. “The characterization of coffee waste water from coffee processing factories in Kenya”. In: Kenya Coffee. Vol. 59, No. 690. 1757-1761 [4] Stoyanov, M., B. Baykov, A. Danev 1996. “Development of Technological regimes for Producing Biogas from Buffalo Dung”, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 121 – 123; [5] Peter Jacob Jørgensen, PlanEnergi 2009. “Biogas– green energy, Process, Design, energy supply, and environment” – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University 2 nd edition [6] Bressani R. 1991. “Coffee pulp In: Tropical feeds version” Bo Göhl ed., FAO, Rome. [7] Rathinavelu R., Graziosi G. 2005. “Potential alternative use of coffee wastes and by-products”. International Coffee Organization, 1967/ 05, 1-2. [8] Reto Steiner, “Biogas production of coffee pulp & waste waters” EBP, 20.6.2011 [9] Abubakar, I. and Ismail, N., 2012. “Anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production”. ARPN J.Eng Appl.Sci.7(2), 169-171. [10] Eze, J. I. and Agbo K. E., 2010. “Studies on the microbial spectrum in anaerobic bio methanization of cow dung in 10m3 fixed dom digester”. Int. J. Physical Sci. 5, 1331-1337. [11] APHA (1999), “Standard method for the Examination of Water and Waste Water”. Parts 1000 andn4000, pp 216, 240. [12] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Support for Development of National Biogas Program (Fao/Tcp/Nep/4451-T) “Biogas Technology: A Training Manual for Extension” Nepal September 1996. [13] Bio gas digester analysis PDF found at: www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/.../BRC%20ny%20Design%20Bi ogas%20Plant.pdf [14] “Biogas hand book”; Teodorita Al Seadi and Dominik Rutzet al oct 2008 University of Southern Denmark [15] Moore G, Dolling P, Porter B and Leonard L (1998), “Soil Acidity, In Soil guide A handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils”. Agriculture Western Australia Bu	18-20