Microbiological Examination of Milk Samples from Cow Udder Affected with Chronic Clinical Mastitis

Authors: Subha Ganguly, Praveen Kumar Praveen

Abstract- The present paper reports the microbiological examination and reporting of a clinical case of mastitis in cow and its recommended therapeutic management with the selected broad spectrum antibiotics. The indiscriminate and injudicious administration of antibiotics and irrational treatment of bovine mastitis with different antibiotics have invited serious complications like multiple drug resistance. Till date different types of antibiotics have been tried against the pathogens in bovine mastitis with or without identification and drug sensitivity testing.

Keywords- Antibiotics, Antibiogram, Mastitis

References-

[1] Patnaik, Subhasree, Prasad, Arun, Ganguly, Subha (2013). Mastitis, an Infection of Cattle Udder: A Review. J. Chem. Biol. Physical Sci., Section-B [Biological Sciences]. 3(4): 2676-8.

[2] Paul, I., Isore, D.P., Joardar, S.N., Mukhopadhayay, S.K., Ganguly, S., Pal, S. (2013). Bacteriological investigation and antibiogram on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle population of West Bengal. Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis., 34(2): 56-9.

[3] Ganguly, Subha (2014). A comprehensive and illustrious review on clinical and diagnostic aspects of Mastitis infection in high yielding lactating cows. World J. Pharma. Res., 3(9): 352-60.

[4] Wakchaure, Rajesh, Ganguly, Subha, Para, Parveez Ahmad, Praveen, Praveen Kumar, Qadri, Kausar (2015). Mastitis, an economically important disease affecting lactating ruminants: A Review. Chap. 15, pp. 199-212. In: New Dimensions in Microbiology [Eds. Dr. M.M. Abid Ali Khan (India), Dr. John K. Grandy (USA), Dr. Egamberdieva Dilfuza (Germany), Murataza Abid (India), Dr. Raaz K. Maheshwari (India), Dr. T.S. Naqvi (India)], Lenin Media, Delhi, India. ISBN 978-93-85160-84-4.

[5] Buxton, A., Fraser, G. (1977). Animal Microbiology. Vol. 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

[6] Sinha, S.N. (2006). Focus on College Practical Microbiology. Part-I. Rita Book Agency, Kolkata, India.

[7] Ananthanarayan, R., Paniker, C.K. Jayaram. (2009). Textbook of Microbiology. 8thed. Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad, India. ISBN 978 81 7371 674 4.

[8] Cruickshank, R., Duguid, J.P., Marmion, B.P., Swain, R.H.A. (1975). Medical Microbiology. 12th ed. Vol. II, Churchill Livingstone, London.

[9] Finegold, S.M., Martin, M.J. (1982). Diagnostic Microbiology. 6th ed. The C.V. Morsby Co., London.

[10] Ganguly, Subha, Padhy, Arpita, Sahoo, Saraswat, Garg, Shyam Lal, Praveen, Praveen Kumar, Wakchaure, Rajesh, Para, Parveez Ahmad, Sharma, Subhash, Kumar, Avinash, Pandey, Arvind Kumar, Mahajan, Tanvi, Qadri, Kausar (2015). Bacteriological examination and antibiogram of milk sample of clinically infected dairy cow suffering from mastitis. Int. J. Medi. Microbiol. Trop. Dis., 1(1): 6-7.

[11] Ganguly, Subha, Padhy, Arpita, Sahoo, Saraswat, Garg, Shyam Lal, Wakchaure, Rajesh, Praveen, Praveen Kumar, Para, Parveez Ahmad, Mahajan, Tanvi, Qadri, Kausar, Sharma, Ruchi (2016). Antibiogram of milk sample of a farm maintained dairy cow suffering from mastitis followed by its clinical recovery. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol., 5(1): 148-151.

[12] Ganguly, Subha, Qadri, Kausar, Praveen, Praveen Kumar (2016) Bacteriological analysis of mastitic milk sample. Int. J. Multidiscipl. Res. Modern Edu. II(I): xx-xx. In press.

[13] Kumar, Mayur, Prasad, Arun, Tiwary, B.K., Ganguly, Subha (2010). Study on incidence of mastitis in cattle population of Ranchi (Jharkhand) under different dairy farm conditions. Livest. Line, 4(6): pp. 8.

[14] Patnaik, Subhasree, Prasad, Arun, Ganguly, Subha (2014). Biochemical characterization and antibiogram of Staphylococcal microorganisms associated with subclinical mastitis in lactating crossbred cows. Anim. Sci. Rep., 8(4): 123-9.

Estimation of Methane Emission from Landfills Site and Open Dumping in Jabalpur City

Authors: Zeeshan Ahmed Siddiqui, Archana Paranjpe

Abstract-- Every day, Jabalpur generates approximately 3,000–4,000 tonnes of waste. A major fraction (72 %) of total waste is organic or wet waste, which degrades in the natural environment. This study is focused on the estimation of the carbon footprint of household waste generated in Jabalpur city. The results from two theoretical estimation methods, mass balance approach and default methodology, are compared with the measurement results derived from experimental values. Experiments revealed an emission of 0.013 g CH4/kg of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and 0.165 g CO2/kg, which is much lower compared to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change method (0.036 kg CH4/kg of waste) or theoretical approaches (0.355 kg CH4/kg, 0.991 kg CO2/kg of waste). This study is primarily focused on the estimation of total methane emission potential from waste disposal sites in Jabalpur city if it goes to landfill instead of open dumping and its effect on Jabalpur climatic changes. From the information on waste generation rate and total disposed waste amounts at Kathonda disposal sites in Jabalpur, total methane emission potential from these waste sources was estimated to be 0.388 Gg /year by IPCC method, considerably higher than 0.307 Gg /year predicted by Land GEM of EPA. If we convert open dumping into landfill site gases emitted from it can be used as a green energy asset.

References-

[1] U.S. census Bureau, 2011.

[2] Hegde, U., Chang, T.C., Yang, S.S., 2003. Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from Shan- chu-ku landfill site in northern Taiwan. Chemosphere 52, 1275–1285.

[3] National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, NEERI. Air Quality Assessment, Emissions Inventory and Source Apportionment Studies: Mumbai. New Delhi : Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 2014-15.

[4] Ying-Chu Chen, Shang-Lien Lo,”Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions for several municipal solid waste management strategies”, Journal pf cleaner Production , volume 113, 1 February 2016, Pages 606-612.

[5] Stphanic C. Bolyard, Debra R. Reinhart,”Application of landfill treatment approaches for stabilization of municipal solid waste” Available online 1 February 2016.

Study of Various Queue Management and Random Early Detection technique in Mobile Ad hoc Network

Authors: Roshni Agrawal, Pratyush Sharma

Abstract- Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is selforganizing network of mobile devices which does not relay in any fixed infrastructure. Queue management plays a vital role in the performance of MANET. There are lot of queue management approaches which are already defined among which Active queue management approaches are the most widely used approaches. The Random Early Detection (RED) is one of the most popular active queue management approaches that achieve high throughput and low average delay by detecting and avoiding the inchoate congestion. The detection of inchoate congestion is predicated on calculation of average queue length and RED parameter settings. To avoid the congestion within the network, operators ought to have a priori estimations of average delay in congested routers, that is troublesome to estimate in Mobile unintentional Network because of uncertainty in dynamic the network conditions. To realize high throughput and low delay, it wants constant standardization of parameters in keeping with this traffic condition. Our goal during this paper is analyzed many active queue management and RED algorithms are mentioned.

Keywords— Throughput, AQM, Ad-hoc Network & RED.

References-

[1] Jae Chung and Mark Claypool,"Analysis of Active Queue Management",Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA’03) 0- 7695-1938-5/03 $17.00 © 2003 IEEE.

[2] P.G.Kulkarni,S.I.McClean,G.P.Parr,M.M.Black,"Proactive Predictive Queue Management for improved QoS in IP Networks",Proceedings of the International Conference on Networking, International Conference on Systems and International Conference on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies (ICNICONSMCL’06).

[3] G. Thiruchelvi and J. Raja, A survey on active queue management mechanisms, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol.8, 2008

[4] W. Chen and S.-H. Yang, ―The mechanism of adapting RED parameters to TCP traffic,‖ Computer Communications, vol. 32, no. 13-14, pp. 1525–1530, 2009.

[5] K. Dinesh Kumar, I. Ramya & M. Roberts Masillamani. ―Queue Management In Mobile Adhoc Networks(Manets)‖, 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications & 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, 2010.

[6] G.F.Ali Ahmed, Reshma Banu, Analyzing the performance of Active Queue Management Algorithms, International journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol.2, No.2, March 2010.

[7] Zhenyu Na and Qing Guo, ―An Improved AQM Scheme with Adaptive Reference Queue Threshold‖, 6th International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China (CHINACOM), 2011, pp 589-593.

[8] Jianyong Chen, Cunying Hu, and Zhen Ji , Self-Tuning Random Early Detection Algorithm to Improve Performance of Network Transmission, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume, Article ID 872347, 17 pages doi:10.1155/2011/87234, 2011.

[9] Tolaimate Ichrak and Elalami Nourredine, ―Basic control theory applied to the Active Queue Management model‖ 978-1-4673-1520- 3/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE.

[10] Rob Torres, John Border, George Choquette, Jun Xu, and Je-Hong Jong, ―Congestion Control using RED and TCP Window Adjustment‖ 978-1-4673, 2013IEEE.

[11] Dhumane Amol, Prasad Rajesh, ―A review on active queue management techniques of congestion control‖, International Conference on Electronic Systems, Signal Processing and Computing Technologies, 2014, IEEE, pp 166-169.

[12] Sarita Simaiya, Anurag Shrivastava and Narayan Prasad Keer, ―IRED Algorithm for Improvement in Performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks‖, Fourth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, 2014, 978-1-4799-3070-8/14 $31.00 © 2014 IEEE.

[13] B. Kiruthiga and Dr. E. George Dharma Prakash Raj, "Survey on AQM Congestion Control Algorithms". International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Applications, Vol.2 Issue. 2, February- 2014, pg. 38-44.

Design of an Energy Efficient Information Gathering Routing Algorithm in WSN

Author : Ajay Sonkesriya

Abstract-In this paper, WSN proposes to design an energy-efficient routing protocol for the collection of data. One of the key tasks of the sensor nodes in the Wireless Sensor Network ( WSN) is to collect data and forward the collected data to the base station (BS). We are creating an energy routing protocol in this paper that can be accessed by nodes with the full residual energy for energy-efficient routing. Hence, to forward the data to BS, the highest residual energy nodes are chosen. This helps to provide a higher packet distribution ratio for a lower use of resources. The LEACH protocol and fuzzy C-means routing protocol have been chosen here. We are implementing authentication methods for data collection here along with the leach protocol. The data from the authenticated nodes is stored at the head of the cluster. RSA is used here for authentication purposes.

Keywords-- Base Station (BS), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Energy Efficient Routing Protocol, LEACH protocol, Fuzzy C-means (FCM), Authentication, RSA.

References-

[1] Y-h Zhu, W W-d, J Pan, T Y-p, “An energy-efficient data gathering algorithm to prolong lifetime of wireless sensor networks”, IEEE,Vol. 33, pp. 639–647, 2010.

[2]S Gao, H Zhang, SK Das, “Efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks with path-constrained mobile sinks”. IEEE Trans. Mob. Vol.10, pp. 592–608, 2011

[3] MH Anisi, AH Abdullah, SA Razak, “Energy-efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks”, IEEE,No. 3, pp.329,2011

[4] Y-F Chen, X-G Fan, B Xu, “Cluster head optimization strategy for WSN based on LEACH” ,No. 22, pp.0-26, 2011.

[5] D Guo, L Xu, “LEACH Clustering Routing Protocol for WSN”, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications (IEA). Vol. 219, pp. 153–160,2013..

[6] Y Yao, Q Cao, AV Vasilakos, “EDAL: an energy-efficient, delay-aware, and lifetime-balancing data collection protocol for wireless sensor networks”, IEEE 10th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), pp. 182-190, 2013.

[7] K Han, J Luo, Y Liu, AV Vasilakos, “Algorithm design for data communications in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks: a surve”, IEEE, No.51, pp.107–113, 2013.

[8] L Xiang, J Luo, A Vasilakos, “Compressed data aggregation for energy efficient wireless sensor networks, in 8th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), pp. 46-54,2011.

[9] N Chilamkurti, S Zeadally, A Vasilakos, V Sharma, “Cross-layer support for energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks”. J. Sens. Pp. 1–9 ,2009.

[10] G Wei, Y Ling, B Guo, B Xiao, AV Vasilakos, “Prediction-based data aggregation in wireless sensor networks: combining grey model and Kalman filter”. Comput Commun.Vol.34,pp. 793–802, 2011

[11]X-Y Liu, Y Zhu, L Kong, C Liu, Y Gu, AV Vasilakos, “CDC: compressive data collection for wireless sensor networks.”

[12] D Kumar, TC Aseri, R Patel, “EECDA: energy efficient clustering and data aggregation protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.” IEEE, Vol.6, pp. 113–124 2011.

[13] D Wei, Y Jin, S Vural, K Moessner, R Tafazolli, “An energy-efficient clustering solution for wireless sensor networks”, IEEE. No.10, pp. 3973–3983, 2011.