IJRDET - Proceedings

1.

Sound Transmission Loss Measurement Accuracy Requirement in Low Frequency Range

Authors: Mylaudy Dr. S. Rajadurai1, Gokul Raj, S. Mathan kumar

Abstract- The paper identifies the environmental requirements for accurate sound transmission loss (STL) measurement.STL resultsshow signal fluctuations in low frequency range up to 250 Hz measured in conventional room facility due to high back ground noise. This low signal to noise ratio (SNR) issue is resolved by measuring STL using an anechoic cone in an anechoic chamber where the back ground noise is low. In an anechoic chamber the SNR is equal to 1, this is one of the factors which helps eliminating the uneven spikes in the lower frequency range.The paper also discusses the effects of anechoic cone in STL measurementinstead of absorption spongeused for anechoic termination. The results without fluctuation in lower frequencies are highly helpful for evaluating reactive muffler performance. STL measurements of a reactive muffler and an absorption muffler are discussed. Analytical calculation of STL for a simple concentric chamber and correlation of experimental results from different measurement conditions are illustrated.

Keywords-- Anechoic chamber, Anechoic termination, Impedance tube, low frequency noise, Sound transmission loss.

References-

[1] Leuven measurement system test lab operating manual 2012.

[2] Z.Tao and A.F Seybert "A review of current techniques for measuring muffler Transmission loss", SAE 2003-01-1653.

[3] Jianliang Li., “Improved method of the four pole parameter for calculating transmission loss on acoustics silence”, Journal of information and computing science, (2007) 61-65

[4] Seong - Hynlee., “Effect of non-uniform perforation in the long concentric resonator on transmission loss and back pressure”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 311 (2008) 280–296

[5] Zheng, S. and Kleinfeld, C., "Transmission Loss Measurement with and without an Anechoic Termination," SAE 2009-01-2035

1-8

2.

Experimental Studies of a Four Stroke Diesel Engine Fuelled with Palmyra Oil as an Alternative Fuel with Ignition Improver

Authors: T.Venkata Srinivasa Rao, V.Ranjith Kumar, Dr. P.Vijaya Kumar

Abstract-- Apart from other applications, Diesel engines are majorly used in transportation sector because of lower specific fuel consumption and superior efficiency compared to S.I engines. However in spite of these advantages NOx and smoke emissions from the diesel engines cause serious environmental problems. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from Palmyra oil. In this present work, investigations were carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Palmyra oil. The results were compared with diesel fuel, and the selected Palmyra oil fuel blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine was used. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. To increase the engine performance parameters and to decrease the exhaust gas emissions with increase biodiesel concentration. The experimental results show that the use of biodiesel in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel. Ethanol is added as additive and Hexanol as Ignition Improver. The blending percentage is followed in steps of 10%, 20% & 30%.

Keywords-- Additive, Blends, Efficiency, ignition improver, Palmyra oil.

References-

[1] The B, Mishra R, Gu, F, Ball AD. Water injection effects on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operating with biodiesel. Renewable Energy 2012; 37:333-344.

[2] Tornqvist M, Ehrenberg L.On cancerrisk estimation of urban air pollution. Environmental health perspectives 1994; 102(Suppl 4): 173.

[3] Iwai K, Adachi S, Takahashi M, Moller L, Udagawa T, Mizuno S, Sugawara I. EarlyOxidative DNA Damages and Late Development of Lung Cancer in Diesel Exhaust-Exposed Rats. Environmental Research 2000; 84(3): 255-264.

[4] Dybdahl M, Risom L, Bornholdt J, Autrup H, Loft S, Wallin H. Inflammatory and genotoxic effects of diesel particles in vitro and in vivo.Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2004; 562(1): 119-131.

[5] Vincent R. Acute Cardiovascular Effects in Rats from Exposure to Urban Ambient Particles, STATEMENT: Synopsis of Research Report 104. Safe Environments Programme, ERA Grant Number: R828112C104, Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.

[6] Herchel, T.C.; Machacon,; Seiichi Shiga,; TakaoKarasawa,; Hisao Nakamura. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with coconut oil – diesel fuel blend. Biomass Bioenergy, 2001, 20, 63-69.

[7] Kalam, M.A.; Husnawan, M.; Masjuki, H.H. Exhaust emissions and combustion evaluation of coconut oil – powered indirect injection diesel engine.Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, 2405 –2415.

9-14

3.

Energy Recovery through Plastic Waste in Cement Industry: A Review

Authors: Sourabh Kumar Poddar, Prof. Archana Paranjpe

Abstract-- This study deals with a quantitative analysis of the energy, environmental and greenhouse gas effects of replacing fossil by plastic waste in cement production. Firstly the use of plastic waste was done with a focus on this practice at ACC cement plant. Today surplus plastic waste are being produced due to the growth in the use of plastic products. The newly adopted mechanism has shown that recyclable and non recyclable components of plastic waste in municipal solid waste can be taken care of in a scientific manner through coincineration in cement industries. Therefore plastic waste can be converted into energy, an environment friendly and a desirable option. With the popularization of this scheme we shall be able to take care of plastic waste to a very large extent. The main focus of this work is to facilitate development of enabling policies and framework by regulatory agencies (State and Central Pollution Control Board) to facilitate use of urban & industrial waste as raw material alternate fuel in the cement industry, thereby moving towards a low carbon economy.

References-

[1] Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 2012.

[2] CPCB report 2012 on “Report of the Committee to Evolve Rode Map on Management of Wastes in India”.

[3] Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Report.

[4] Media Reports, India in Business, Cement Corporation of India, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA).

[5] www.plasticbiz360.com/printarticle.aspx.

[6] www.ecoindustrialparks.net/live/.../wkshpreportcoprocessing.pdf

15-18

4.

Applications of Rapid Prototyping – 3D Printing Technology to Ease Manufacturing and Verification

Authors: Mylaudy Dr .S. Rajadurai, Naveen. S, Vipin Prakkash, Sukanth Kannan, Gowtham Arumugam

Abstract—The Rapid Prototyping (RP) system shall claim fast processing at low operating costs with stringent tolerance. The utility of this RP system shall find its importance by reducing time and cost to 1/5th in comparison to the conventional, heuristic proto development methodology. The RP proto can be used to verify form, fit and function. Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technique in the recent times has found its application in the industrial sector. RP allows variety of options of build methods and materials and its usage has been widened proportionally. The usage of RP technique crosses over many different industries but every case comes under any one of the following applications: 1) Visualization, 2) Form and Fit, 3) Functional Prototypes, 4) Patterns, 5) Rapid Tooling, 6) Component Manufacture, 7) Reverse Engineering, 8) Concurrent Engineering. The future might bring the sophistication of preferring to a rapid prototype model instead of drawings. With advance in materials and processes, the list of application will continue to grow.

References-

[1] Ali K. Kamrani, E. A. (2006). Rapid Prototyping: Theory and Practice.

[2] Chee Kai Chua, K. F. (2003). Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications. [3] Cimetrixsolutions. (n.d.). cymetrix solutions. Retrieved December 15, 2013, from cymetrix solutions: www.cymetrixsolutions.com

[4] Cooper, K. (2001). Rapid Prototyping Technology: Selection and Application. CRC Press.

[5] Jacob, P. F. (1992). Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Fundamendals of Steriolithography. Society of Mechanical Engineers.

[6] NDTV. (n.d.). NDTV. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from NDTV: www.NDTV.com.

[7] W.Liou, F. (2007). Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications: A Toolbox for Prototype Development. CRC Press.

[8] www.efunda.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19/12/2013, 2013, from efunda: www.efunda.com

[9] www.zcorp.com. (n.d.). zcorp. Retrieved January 12, 2014, from zcorp: www.zcorp.com

19-22

S.No.	Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015 (Title of Paper )	Page No.
1.	Sound Transmission Loss Measurement Accuracy Requirement in Low Frequency Range Authors: Mylaudy Dr. S. Rajadurai1, Gokul Raj, S. Mathan kumar Abstract- The paper identifies the environmental requirements for accurate sound transmission loss (STL) measurement.STL resultsshow signal fluctuations in low frequency range up to 250 Hz measured in conventional room facility due to high back ground noise. This low signal to noise ratio (SNR) issue is resolved by measuring STL using an anechoic cone in an anechoic chamber where the back ground noise is low. In an anechoic chamber the SNR is equal to 1, this is one of the factors which helps eliminating the uneven spikes in the lower frequency range.The paper also discusses the effects of anechoic cone in STL measurementinstead of absorption spongeused for anechoic termination. The results without fluctuation in lower frequencies are highly helpful for evaluating reactive muffler performance. STL measurements of a reactive muffler and an absorption muffler are discussed. Analytical calculation of STL for a simple concentric chamber and correlation of experimental results from different measurement conditions are illustrated. Keywords-- Anechoic chamber, Anechoic termination, Impedance tube, low frequency noise, Sound transmission loss. References- [1] Leuven measurement system test lab operating manual 2012. [2] Z.Tao and A.F Seybert "A review of current techniques for measuring muffler Transmission loss", SAE 2003-01-1653. [3] Jianliang Li., “Improved method of the four pole parameter for calculating transmission loss on acoustics silence”, Journal of information and computing science, (2007) 61-65 [4] Seong - Hynlee., “Effect of non-uniform perforation in the long concentric resonator on transmission loss and back pressure”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 311 (2008) 280–296 [5] Zheng, S. and Kleinfeld, C., "Transmission Loss Measurement with and without an Anechoic Termination," SAE 2009-01-2035	1-8
2.	Experimental Studies of a Four Stroke Diesel Engine Fuelled with Palmyra Oil as an Alternative Fuel with Ignition Improver Authors: T.Venkata Srinivasa Rao, V.Ranjith Kumar, Dr. P.Vijaya Kumar Abstract-- Apart from other applications, Diesel engines are majorly used in transportation sector because of lower specific fuel consumption and superior efficiency compared to S.I engines. However in spite of these advantages NOx and smoke emissions from the diesel engines cause serious environmental problems. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from Palmyra oil. In this present work, investigations were carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Palmyra oil. The results were compared with diesel fuel, and the selected Palmyra oil fuel blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine was used. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. To increase the engine performance parameters and to decrease the exhaust gas emissions with increase biodiesel concentration. The experimental results show that the use of biodiesel in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel. Ethanol is added as additive and Hexanol as Ignition Improver. The blending percentage is followed in steps of 10%, 20% & 30%. Keywords-- Additive, Blends, Efficiency, ignition improver, Palmyra oil. References- [1] The B, Mishra R, Gu, F, Ball AD. Water injection effects on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operating with biodiesel. Renewable Energy 2012; 37:333-344. [2] Tornqvist M, Ehrenberg L.On cancerrisk estimation of urban air pollution. Environmental health perspectives 1994; 102(Suppl 4): 173. [3] Iwai K, Adachi S, Takahashi M, Moller L, Udagawa T, Mizuno S, Sugawara I. EarlyOxidative DNA Damages and Late Development of Lung Cancer in Diesel Exhaust-Exposed Rats. Environmental Research 2000; 84(3): 255-264. [4] Dybdahl M, Risom L, Bornholdt J, Autrup H, Loft S, Wallin H. Inflammatory and genotoxic effects of diesel particles in vitro and in vivo.Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2004; 562(1): 119-131. [5] Vincent R. Acute Cardiovascular Effects in Rats from Exposure to Urban Ambient Particles, STATEMENT: Synopsis of Research Report 104. Safe Environments Programme, ERA Grant Number: R828112C104, Environmental Protection Agency, 2003. [6] Herchel, T.C.; Machacon,; Seiichi Shiga,; TakaoKarasawa,; Hisao Nakamura. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with coconut oil – diesel fuel blend. Biomass Bioenergy, 2001, 20, 63-69. [7] Kalam, M.A.; Husnawan, M.; Masjuki, H.H. Exhaust emissions and combustion evaluation of coconut oil – powered indirect injection diesel engine.Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, 2405 –2415.	9-14
3.	Energy Recovery through Plastic Waste in Cement Industry: A Review Authors: Sourabh Kumar Poddar, Prof. Archana Paranjpe Abstract-- This study deals with a quantitative analysis of the energy, environmental and greenhouse gas effects of replacing fossil by plastic waste in cement production. Firstly the use of plastic waste was done with a focus on this practice at ACC cement plant. Today surplus plastic waste are being produced due to the growth in the use of plastic products. The newly adopted mechanism has shown that recyclable and non recyclable components of plastic waste in municipal solid waste can be taken care of in a scientific manner through coincineration in cement industries. Therefore plastic waste can be converted into energy, an environment friendly and a desirable option. With the popularization of this scheme we shall be able to take care of plastic waste to a very large extent. The main focus of this work is to facilitate development of enabling policies and framework by regulatory agencies (State and Central Pollution Control Board) to facilitate use of urban & industrial waste as raw material alternate fuel in the cement industry, thereby moving towards a low carbon economy. References- [1] Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 2012. [2] CPCB report 2012 on “Report of the Committee to Evolve Rode Map on Management of Wastes in India”. [3] Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Report. [4] Media Reports, India in Business, Cement Corporation of India, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA). [5] www.plasticbiz360.com/printarticle.aspx. [6] www.ecoindustrialparks.net/live/.../wkshpreportcoprocessing.pdf	15-18
4.	Applications of Rapid Prototyping – 3D Printing Technology to Ease Manufacturing and Verification Authors: Mylaudy Dr .S. Rajadurai, Naveen. S, Vipin Prakkash, Sukanth Kannan, Gowtham Arumugam Abstract—The Rapid Prototyping (RP) system shall claim fast processing at low operating costs with stringent tolerance. The utility of this RP system shall find its importance by reducing time and cost to 1/5th in comparison to the conventional, heuristic proto development methodology. The RP proto can be used to verify form, fit and function. Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technique in the recent times has found its application in the industrial sector. RP allows variety of options of build methods and materials and its usage has been widened proportionally. The usage of RP technique crosses over many different industries but every case comes under any one of the following applications: 1) Visualization, 2) Form and Fit, 3) Functional Prototypes, 4) Patterns, 5) Rapid Tooling, 6) Component Manufacture, 7) Reverse Engineering, 8) Concurrent Engineering. The future might bring the sophistication of preferring to a rapid prototype model instead of drawings. With advance in materials and processes, the list of application will continue to grow. References- [1] Ali K. Kamrani, E. A. (2006). Rapid Prototyping: Theory and Practice. [2] Chee Kai Chua, K. F. (2003). Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications. [3] Cimetrixsolutions. (n.d.). cymetrix solutions. Retrieved December 15, 2013, from cymetrix solutions: www.cymetrixsolutions.com [4] Cooper, K. (2001). Rapid Prototyping Technology: Selection and Application. CRC Press. [5] Jacob, P. F. (1992). Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Fundamendals of Steriolithography. Society of Mechanical Engineers. [6] NDTV. (n.d.). NDTV. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from NDTV: www.NDTV.com. [7] W.Liou, F. (2007). Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications: A Toolbox for Prototype Development. CRC Press. [8] www.efunda.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19/12/2013, 2013, from efunda: www.efunda.com [9] www.zcorp.com. (n.d.). zcorp. Retrieved January 12, 2014, from zcorp: www.zcorp.com	19-22